Public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Due process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fair treatment - Essay Example It is intended to give an equalization on the forces that are claimed by the laws while giving assurance to people. Different cases have been utilized in the comprehension of this provision, in this paper an attention on the Plessy versus Ferguson and Brown versus Board of Education will give more knowledge on the idea of Due Process. The idea of Due Process has an exceptionally long history that goes back in A.D 1354. Recorded proof shows that the first run through this expression showed up was during the reign of Edward III of England as gave in a legal version of the Magna Carta. English legal adviser Edward endeavored the translation of the Magna carta, he built up the cutting edge thought of Due procedure. In the United States, the endorsement of the Fifth Amendment done in 1791 accommodated the Due Process. Likewise, the Fourteenth Amendment was sanctioned in 1868 to give a breaking point to the forces that are held by the state (Sunstein 1567). These laws have kept on advancing; as a rule drawing in different understandings from the Supreme Court. The Due Process gives balanced governance to the administrations with the goal that they don't disregard the arrangements of the Bill of Rights. The Due Process proviso was reached out from the national government as gave in Amendment Five to incorporate the state governments since it apparently was a promoter for the Bill of Rights, this was accomplished through a progression of Supreme Court choices. Fair treatment is such a great amount of slanted to the methodology wherein equity is administered, this system ought to hold decency and balance. This clarifies the arrangements of the milestone administering Brown versus Board of Education. The Due Process Clause has some all inclusive statement, which has been utilized by decided in their choices, particularly on the Plessy versus Ferguson. At the point when the administration is obliged to follow reasonable systems by the two alterations, there is absence of lucidity on the part of reasonableness. For instance, the appointed author ities in the Plessy versus

Unions Recruit New Allies for Obama in Battleground States Case Study

Associations Recruit New Allies for Obama in Battleground States - Case Study Example Associations Recruit New Allies for Obama in Battleground States This article by Steven Greenhouse is extremely smart and it gives a general review and point of view of the job of the worker's organizations in the 2012 us presidential crusades. The article gave a record of the job the worker's organizations have played in this crusade to guarantee that Barrack Obama is reappointed the following leader of the United States. It offered the input of the association heads and occasion coordinators whom they were excited about how the associations are becoming more grounded and forming the legislative issues of the United States. The worker's guilds are progressively focused on the fight ground conditions of Ohio and Wisconsin. Instructors mostly from Chicago which is the political decision community for sleeping shelter Obama are eager about this. The patrons are enormous in number with a figure of 67, 176 thumping at the entryways of habitation of Wisconsin. Sandy and Elaine were simply part of that 67, 176. The associations are attempting to reassert themselves in the wake of understanding that they couldn’t impact much during 2010 political decision that were held in certain states that incorporate Ohio. This all exertion is to a greater extent a system to recover significance in the decisions that they impact such a great amount of particularly in 2008. The associations played a major job in the appointment of 2008 and eight, when they crusade for appointment of Barrack Obama. They have seen that the re-appointment of a similar applicant they battle for in 2008 isn't prospective so they need to rapidly get a move on. They have for as far back as two years been effectively associated with these battles basically in Ohio and Wisconsin.... These have helped them an incredible arrangement since they would now be able to contact more individuals. Given that endorsers represent just 12% of the number of inhabitants in the United States their voting public have now expanded massively. Not at all like in the past where they contact scarcely any individuals every hour they would now be able to connect with tremendous number of populace in only 60 minutes. They have likewise great methodology whereby they have had the option to unite individuals from various gatherings to go along with them. The republican side is anyway of various view and that the associations have lost the control it had in 2008. Sara Fagen, who worked under George W. Shrub said that the individuals no longer completely bolster the association and no longer influenced by the association choice to help a specific up-and-comer since they feel the have been squeezed monetarily by the association who attracted from them to run this crusade. The association as indicated by the republicans is financing the battles to the detriment of the laborers. They guarantee likewise that Obama have not confronted them by not completing the â€Å"card check† charge that could have helped them a ton. The patrons have anyway battled for the endorsers particularly by looking for the inversion of the law that denies the workers of their dealing rights. They were then to endure another set back after their push to expel the legislative head of Wisconsin demonstrates worthless. Scott walker the republican holds the seat as the legislative leader of Wisconsin. The association have however ascend with 30 associations joining the course. There are however customary mishaps and disappointment on consistent schedule that frequently face the endorsers. They the majority of the occasions don’t discover reaction from 2/3 of the homes they reached so they are left with little to do other than to left notes encouraging the individuals from

Validity and Reliability in Research - 2750 Words

Validity and Reliability in Research (Research Paper Sample) Content: ASSIGNMENT 6: PRESENTATION ON VALIDITY AND RELIABILITYTable of contentsTOC \o "1-4" \h \z \u Table of contents PAGEREF _Toc362274810 \h 1Tables PAGEREF _Toc362274811 \h 3Figures PAGEREF _Toc362274812 \h 41.0.Introduction PAGEREF _Toc362274813 \h 52.0Validity PAGEREF _Toc362274814 \h 52.1Types of validity PAGEREF _Toc362274815 \h 62.1.1Internal validity PAGEREF _Toc362274816 \h 62.1.1.1Threats to internal validity PAGEREF _Toc362274817 \h 62.1.2External validity PAGEREF _Toc362274818 \h 72.1.2.1Threats to external validity PAGEREF _Toc362274819 \h 82.1.3Construct validity PAGEREF _Toc362274820 \h 82.1.4Statistical validity PAGEREF _Toc362274821 \h 82.2Approaches to the validity of tests and measures PAGEREF _Toc362274822 \h 92.3How to improve validity PAGEREF _Toc362274823 \h 93.0Reliability PAGEREF _Toc362274824 \h 93.1Types of reliability PAGEREF _Toc362274825 \h 113.1.1Internal reliability PAGEREF _Toc362274826 \h 113.1.2External reliability PAGEREF _Toc362274827 \h 113.2Methods of assessing reliability PAGEREF _Toc362274828 \h 113.3Factors affecting reliability PAGEREF _Toc362274829 \h 124.0Differences between reliability and validity PAGEREF _Toc362274830 \h 135.0Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc362274831 \h 15REFERENCES PAGEREF _Toc362274832 \h 16TablesFigure 1: An illustration of the differences between validity and reliability15FiguresFigure 1: An illustration of the differences between validity and reliability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬.. 1 IntroductionKey indicators of the quality of a measuring instrument are the reliability and validity of the measures CITATION Car08 \l 1033 (Carole L. Kimberlin Winterstein, 2008). Hence, the principles of validity and reliability are fundamental cornerstones of the scientific method. Trustworthiness of findings, conclusions and recommendations in any study largely depends on the validity, and reliability of the methods and instruments used in data collection. A credible researcher minimizes possible errors and bias by maximizing the reliability and validity of data. Reliability and validity are common in both quantitative and qualitative research2.0ValidityAccording to Joppe (2000), validity denotes the extent to which a measurement does what it is supposed to do. By asserting validity, the researcher is asserting that the data actually measures or reflects the specific phenomenon claimed. It means that the researcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s conclusion is true or correct. It also means that the results of a research instrument relates to the initial criteria. When the results and criterion are unrelated then the instrument is invalid, and should not be used in further research. Researchers generally determine validity by asking a series of questions * How truthful are the research results? * Is the research truly measuring that which it was intended to measure? * Does the research instrument allow hitting "the bullà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s eye" of the research object?2.1Types of validityThere are several categories of validity - internal validity; external validity; construct validity and statistical validity.2.1.1Internal validityAccording to CITATION McB10 \l 1033 (McBurney White, 2010), an experiment is internally valid when the results can be attributed to the manipulation/ independent variable. Research is done to determine cause-and-effect relationships. Questions asked to check internal validity include; * Can we conclude that changes in the independent variable caused the observed changes in the dependent variable? * Is the evidence for such a conclusion good or poor? * If a study shows a high degree of internal validity then we can conclude we have strong evidence of causality? * If a study has low internal validity, then we must conclude we have little or no evidence of causality?2.1.1.1Threats to internal validity * Extraneous variables are variables that may compete with the independent variable in explaining the outcome of a study. Confounding variable is one of the biggest threats in research. It systematically varies or influences both the independent variable and the dependent variable * History: Experiments that take place over a period of time (difficult to control events (e.g. a coup) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ thus can influence the dependent variable * Maturation: Changes that occur with time. E.g. cognitive, emotional, social, physical, moral) or personal states (e.g., hunger). * Selection: Anything other than random selection can induce bias. * Instrumentation: Did any change occur during the study in the way the dependent variable was measured? (Is it a threat to the one group design; not to the two group design? Why?) * Attrition: - Pertains to some participants dropping out for any reason. * Statistical regression: Refers to the tendency of extreme scores to move (or regress) toward the mean score on subsequent retesting. * Compensatory rivalry. When subjects in some treatments receive goods or services believed to be desirable and th is becomes known to subjects in other groups, social competition may motivate the latter to attempt to reverse or reduce the anticipated effects of the desirable treatment levels.2.1.2External validityRefers to the extent to which the results of a research study are able to be generalized confidently to a group larger than the group that participated in the study CITATION Bra68 \l 1033 (Bracht Glass, 1968). It is all about generalizability.External validity is usually split into two distinct types, population validity and ecological validity, and they are both essential elements in judging the strength of an experimental design. For instance, the idea that experimental results obtained in a laboratory setting might be different from those obtained in a natural setting reflects a question about ecological validity(the extent to which an experimental situation mimics a real world situation).2.1.2.1Threats to external validity * Interaction effect of testing: Pre-testing interacts wit h the experimental treatment and causes some affect such that the results will not generalize to an untested population. * Interaction effects of selection biases and the experimental treatment: An effect of some selection factor of intact groups interacting with the experimental treatment that would not be the case if the groups were randomly selected. * Reactive effects of experimental arrangements: An effect that is due simply to the fact that subjects know that they are participating in an experiment and experiencing the novelty of it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ the Hawthorne effect. * Multiple-treatment interference: When the same subjects receive two or more treatments as in a repeated measures design, there may be a carryover effect between treatments such the results cannot be generalized to single treatments.2.1.3Construct validityThis is the extent to which the results support the theory behind the research CITATION McB10 \l 1033 (McBurney White, 2010). Would another theory predict the same experimental results? Construct validity is similar to internal validity and they share similar threats.2.1.4Statistical validityThis is the extent to which data are shown to be the result of cause-effect relationships rather than accident. The question on statistical validity is, "was the observed relationship between the independent and dependent variables a true cause-effect relationship, or was the result accidental, and thus caused by pure chance?" CITATION McB10 \p 177 \l 1033 (McBurney White, 2010, p. 177). Statistical validity is related to internal validity. When statistical tests are used improperly, a lack of validity is reflected.Some threats to statistical validity include; liberal biases (being overly optimistic regarding the existence of a relationship or exaggerating its strength); conservative biases (being overly pessimistic regarding the absence of a relationship or underestimating its strength) and low power (the probability that the evaluation will result in a Type II error)2.2Approaches to the validity of tests and measures * Criterion validity. It assesses whether a test reflects a certain set of abilities * Content validity. It is the estimate of how much a measure represents every single element of a construct * Construct validity: This defines how well a test or experiment measures up to its claims.2.3How to improve validity * Goals and objectives are clearly defined and operationalized * Match the assessment measure to the goals and objectives. * If possible, compare the measure with other measures, or data that may be available.3.0ReliabilityJoppe (2000) defines reliability as the extent to which results from a measurement are: consistent over time; an accurate representation of the total population under study and that can be reproduced under a similar methodology.In quantitative research, the extent to which results are consistent over time and an accurate representation of the total population under study is referred to as reliability. If the "results of a study can be reproduced under a similar methodologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , then the research instrument is considered to be reliable CITATION Gol03 \l 1033 (Golafshani, 2003)Accordingly, the key elements of reliability include: * Replicability /repeatability of results * degree to which a measurement, given repeatedly, remains the same * Stability of a measurement over time * Similarity of measurements within a given time period * Internal consistency with which questionnaire[test] items are answered or individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s scores remain relatively the same through test-retest method at two different times CITATION Gol03 \l 1033 (Golafshani, 2...

William Blakes The Chimney-Sweeper, Holy Thursday...

Compare and Contrast William Blakes The Chimney-Sweeper, Holy Thursday (Innocence) and London I am going to compare and contrast three of William Blake poems, where he shows his feelings about the way people treat children: The Chimney-Sweeper, Holy Thursday (Innocence) and London. The Chimney-Sweeper is about a child who sweeps chimneys. William Blake sets this poem in the winter. The children worked in the cold. Blake says, â€Å"A little black thing among the snow,† â€Å"The little black thing,† Is the child who is dirty from cleaning the chimneys who stands out in the snow. He also looks like a black mask on the landscape. Like a dirty stain. â€Å"Crying weep, weep in the notes of woe!† Blake hears them crying a song. As children do†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"They think, they have done me no injury,† But they have. The adults have behaved as though nothing was wrong, and continued to go church, praising god, priest and king. Blake’s last line is his comment on roles of the church and government, who he considers have equally badly, by allowing defenceless children to do their kind of job and made the children’s life a misery. â€Å"Who have made up a heaven of our misery† (paradox) and yet these adults seem able to continue their lives and forget the dilemma of the children. In the poem â€Å"London† William Blake makes a political statement about London. â€Å"I wondered throu’ each charter’d street† he is leisurely walks through the streets of London. â€Å"Charter’d† is to be on the map. Blake is making an attack on the establishment, he is blaming the government for the fact that people living in London at this time have been worn down by the system, making them weak, burnt out and powerless. â€Å"Marks of weakness marks of woe† In verse two. â€Å"In every cry of every man, In every infant’s cry of fear, In every voice, in every ban, Mind-forg’d manacles I hear† There is repetition, shows that they are suffering. Blake is explaining how every body is crying because of their life style, even though there still working because there are poorly paid and families were big. They are trapped in manacles. People’sShow MoreRelatedSongs of Good and Evil1545 Words   |  7 Pages Simple, limited, and unadventurous all describe William Blake’s life (Greenblatt, Abrams, Lynch, Stillinger). Blake was born November 28, 1757 in London, England and his artistic ability became evident in his early years. Blake had a very simple upbringing and had little education. His formal education was in art and at the age of fourteen he entered an apprenticeship with a well-known engraver who taught Blake his skills in engraving. In Blake’s free time, he began reading writing poetry. At theRead MoreBlake s Use Of Nature Through Songs Of Innocence1914 Words   |  8 PagesTai Beiserman Professor Nachumi ENGL 1100 26 April 2015 Blake’s use of nature through Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience William â€Å"Bill† Cronon, an environmental historian and vice Chair of The Wilderness Society, believes that because society differ its self from the nature, it makes the nature to be seen as wild, remote, and inaccessible. In his essay â€Å"The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature†, published in 1995 by the New York Times and in Uncommon Ground: TowardRead MoreAN ANALYSIS OF WILLIAM BLAKES SONGS2960 Words   |  12 PagesAN ANALYSIS OF WILLIAM BLAKE’S SONGS OF INNOCENCE AND OF EXPERIENCE AS A RESPONSE TO THE COLLAPSE OF VALUES TIMOTHY VINESâˆâ€" Blake’s Songs of Innocence and of Experience are a much studied part of the English canon, and for good reason. Blake’s work depicts a quandary that continues to haunt humanity today: the struggle of high-order humanity against the ‘real’ rationality and morals of institutionalised society. This essay seeks to explore both Blake’s literary reaction to the Enlightenment and theRead MoreSongs Of Innocence And Of Experience By William Blake Analysis868 Words   |  4 PagesSongs of Innocence and of Experience is the foundation of the work of one of the greatest. English poets and artists. The two sets of poems reveal what William Blake calls â€Å"the two contrary states of the human soul.† In both series, he offers clues to deeper meanings and suggests ways out of the apparent trap of selfhood, so that each reading provides greater insight and understanding, not only to the poems but also to human life. Throughout this poem, the logic of this poem favors experience ratherRead MoreWilliam Blake And The French Revolution2017 Words   |  9 Pagesand that, although William Blake was universally considered to be a madman in his time, his work as a poet and painter is widely recognised as a revolutionary visionary (Altizer, Pg. 33). It is clear that, had the French Revolution not happened, Blake probably would have been a mer e poet and water colourist, with a turn to eccentricity. The French Revolution influenced many people all over the globe, including the radicals in London, to push and demand for immediate change. William Blake, a radicalRead More The Condition of Youth in Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience2679 Words   |  11 PagesThe Condition of Youth in Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience are collections of poems that utilize the imagery, instruction, and lives of children to make a larger social commentary. The use of child-centered themes in the two books allowed Blake to make a crucial commentary on his political and moral surroundings with deceptively simplistic and readable poetry. Utilizing these themes Blake criticized the church, attacking theRead MoreThe Human Abstract Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagesmanifestations in Blakes manuscripts, reading it against A Divine Image, a poem w hich was never finally published by Blake, or comparing it to its Innocence counterpart, The Divine Image. Most critics seem to agree that The Human Abstract represents a philosophical turning point in The Songs of Innocence and of Expe rience, and in Blakes work as a whole. In 1924, Joseph H. Wicksteed observes that this difficult poem, originally called The human Image, represents Blakes attempt to summarizeRead M oreThe Notion of Duality of the Human Soul in William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience4371 Words   |  18 PagesOf The Human Soul In   William Blake’s Songs Of Innocence And Experience Tembong Denis Fonge             Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience generally subscribe to the main stream appreciation that they present the reader with two states of the human condition - the pastoral, pure and natural world of lambs and blossoms on the one hand, and the world of experience characterized by exploitation, cruelty, conflict and hypocritical humility on the other hand. However, Blake’s songs communicate experiencesRead MoreRossetti Manuscripts and Innocence and the Songs of Experience1873 Words   |  8 PagesManuscripts and Innocence and the Songs of Experience Innocence and the Songs of Experience, and the poems from the Rossetti manuscripts, are the poems of a man with a profound interest in human emotions, and a profound knowledge of them. (Grant, Pg 507) These two famous books of poetry written by William Blake, not only show mens emotions and feelings, but explain within themselves, the childs innocence, and mans experience. A little over two centuries ago, William Blake introduced

Childhood Development And Head Start - 2402 Words

Early Childhood Development and Head Start The developmental years before children reach the age of kindergarten are very critical in affecting lasting cognitive and social-emotional growth. The occurrences the children have during this time period help structure their futures and have lasting effects on the contributions they make to society later in life. Many children during this time period do not experience quality cognitive and social- emotional occurrences due to poverty or other conditions detrimental to healthy development. Since high quality early child development programs have shown that they can and do make a difference in how children learn and are able to prepare for and proceed in school, it is essential that children in high-risk groups for failure participate in these programs. In this paper, I will discuss the characteristics that make up a high quality early educational program, the benefits of early childhood and a federally funded program called Head Start. Characteristics of a High Quality Early Childhood Development Program According to the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC, 2014) in order to define a program as high quality, there are ten components, which must be present. They are: positive relationships between children and adults, curriculum based on the standards and goals set by the program and aligned with federal and state guidelines, appropriate teaching designed to meet the needs of the children beingShow MoreRelated Head Start Essay example1667 Words   |  7 PagesHead Start Head Start and Early Head Start are comprehensive child development programs which serve children from birth to age five, pregnant woman and their extended families. They are child-focused programs that have the overall goal of increasing the school readiness of young children in low-income families. . These programs try to prepare young children intellectually, socially, emotionally and physically for their future educational and social endeavors. ( U.S. Department of Health and HumanRead MoreThe Effects Of Pre Kindergarten Programs On Public Schools1705 Words   |  7 Pages Brain development is most rapid in the first five years of life. Educators, economists, business leaders, and politicians all agree that high-quality early learning programs are a key factor in improving a child’s educational and social development for many years to come. These stakeholders are aware that children need the appropriate intervention in order to make meaningful gains across a variety of domains and succeed successfully in their academic development and achievement. They are mindfulRead MoreHead Start1545 Words   |  7 PagesFor this assignment, I conducted much research on the Head Start Program. Head Start is a child development program, which provides aid and assistance to financially less fortunate families. It serves children from birth to age 5, pregnant women, and their families. Head Start is child centered and focuses much attention on preparing young children from low-income families for school. Head Start helps parents improve their basic literacy, numeric skills and employability skills. It promotes childrensRead MoreI Interviewed Provided Me With A Wealth Of Knowledge And Opportunities Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesthe future holds beyond teaching young children, but I do know now that the possibilities are limitless in the early childhood/child development field. The first person I interviewed was C. Hawkins in her Head Start class. Mrs. Hawkins is a Head Start Teacher who works with 3 year old children at the Head Start Program in Henderson, NC. Mrs. Hawkins began in the early childhood field as a lead teacher in a childcare center after obtaining her associate’s degree. She worked there for about 9 yearsRead MoreThe Creative Curriculum Program Is An Effective Learning Style981 Words   |  4 PagesThe Creative Curriculum program is an effective learning style that assists preschool children ranging from ages 3 to 5 years old. Founded by a former preschool teacher, Diane Trister Dodge, this early childhood education program with a comprehensive curriculum is structured to be directed by the teacher, but initiated by the children. The philosophy of the Creative Curriculum is to allow the children to learn at their best efforts in an environment that is safe and open for exploration. Child centersRead MoreEarly Childhood Program : Early Head Start Program1313 Words   |  6 PagesWhile there are several early childhood program models from which to choose, not all programs are equal in their goals and outcomes. Parents and policy makers have shown increased awareness for the quality of care and education in childhood programs (Epstein, 1999). A high-quality program is one that ascribes to developmentally appropriate practice while allowing children to take charge of their own education (Epstein, 1999). The author will discuss Early Head Start, Chicago Child-Parent CentersRead MoreThe McMillan Sisters and Early Childhood Education1096 Words   |  5 PagesMcMillian influenced education through their development of the Open-Air Nursery School in more way then one. Not only had they introduced the idea of starting education at a younger age then the fledgling kindergarten program, but their school was devised for kids from low- income areas that needed the extra care as well. A unique concept of the time th at grasped my interest and made me want to discover more about their program and it’s effect on Early Childhood Education. The Open-Air Nursery SchoolRead MoreThe Total Rate Of Poverty1605 Words   |  7 Pagesreaching (Karoly, Kilburn, Cannon, 2005) Early Head Start is a program designed to deliver early interventions to low income pregnant women and low-income families with children whose ages range from birth to three years old. This program was designed to be a bridge that would allow families to break the cycle of poverty through comprehensive and personalized services which address a full range of needs. Early intervention programs, like Early Head Start, provide a vital service to the populations thatRead MoreThe Importance of Early Childhood Education and What it looks Like in America1049 Words   |  5 Pagesare all questions that parents ask themselves as their children start approaching school age. Parents have to face the decision about whether or not to send their children to pre-k before kindergarten, or if they will just send them to kindergarten. Some parents do not realize just how important early childhood education is. Early Childhood Education begins at birth. The first stage, birth to age three, focuses on skill development, which includes tasks such as sitting, walking, feeding themselvesRead MoreEarly Childhood Education For Children From Low Income Households Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pages Early Childhood Education Early Childhood Educators work in the subset of education that focuses on the infant through preschool age group. Early Childhood Education creates a significant difference in a child development and learning abilities. There is a variety of avenues one can explore for their child’s pre-education. These specific programs are known by several different names, two of which are preschool and pre-K. Educators can work in many different programs with in churches, public schools

Digital Technology For Literacy Practices For Children

Question: What is the positive and negative effects of using digital technology for literacy practices for children? Answer: Introduction According to Hrd Jamison (2013), the use of technology in literary practices was prominent in the late 20th century. The advent of printing press, integrated circuits and handheld electronic calculator depicted a significant improvement in terms of technology. The technology shares an interlinking relationship with the digital technology. By the late 1950s it became quite evident that in order to bring about further improvement in the analogue mechanisms for literacy practices, digital technology played a crucial role. In the year 1973 the world witnessed fist electronic digital computer. It changed the digital technology to great extent and the usage of analogue technology got experienced a paradigm shift in terms to speed, reliability and accuracy. The global revolution in digital technology and literacy practices was an outcome invention of microprocessors in the year 1996. The internet was first introduced in the 1983 and it completely revolutionized the process of information a vailability. It is important to mention the importance of internet technology and how it facilitated seamless integration of educational practices with digital technology (Crowley Heyer, 2015). According to Ager (2013), Information and communications technology (ICT) has a crucial role in amalgamation of internet through digital devices such as radio, cellular smartphones, software applications, computers etc. In the year 1998 Larry Page along with Sergey Brin founded Google which laid a prime focus on availability of accurate information tracking through internet. Due to this the researcher often refers the present generation as the Google generation (Buckingham, 2013). The digital technology is not just influential through internet but television also has a significant impact on the changing trends of digital technology. Research suggests that new technology should be available to the children in the early development process. Various studies have shown that the incorporation of digital texts among children shows increased playfulness and inculcates creative skills (Marsh et al., 2015). According to Fitzgerald et al., (2014) various studies have also shown how the computer games can influence the learning practices at early stage of childhood. The digital cable operators in the recent times have incorporated various learning packages for a child in their connection facility includes many learning aids for the children of the present generation. In order to address the various digital literacy skills of the learners the innovation in form of various pedagogy, instructors have to be aware of conveniently adopt the dichotomized modes of thinking and building on the binary logic of the individuals. The digital technology has further shown various improvements not just in terms of various digital devices but also in forms of videos, eBooks, portable digital formats of the books and even social media and blogs. According to many researchers the digital text introduced in forms of eBooks have completely replaced the use of text books among many communities of young people (Tyner, 2014). General Discussion The positive impact of the various digital technologies takes into account aspects such as accurate information, accessibility, convenience and sharing of the information. It has supplemented in teaching tools through interactive tools in educational process such as presentation tools, video files and many audio visual elements into the learning process. Research shows the various digital aids such as hands-on learning tools including ipads, tablets, notebooks and Smartphone suggests that students are better motivating in learning than the traditional learning procedures. The various new leaning measures have enabled the children to acces the information on the go thus the advancement in the technology has enabled greater mobility of the information. The main impact of digital technology for learning practices is for the accuracy and speed of access of the required material. The online learning process enables the students to learn from tutors who interact with the children through o nline video class. YouTube and Google Hangouts in air make the entire process of e- learning seamless and inexpensive (Davidson et al., 2014). Flewitt et al., (2014), the main advantage of online learning is that the students can learn at their own speed. In online classroom session the students enjoy the flexibility of completing the assignments at their convenience. The benefits are not only in terms of the learners but with the advent of the digital technology the tutors are able take classes according to their convenience and even the students are unable to attend the class the information can stored in various online clouds. The storage of information can be done by use of drop box applications, Google Drive and cloud storage facilities offered by Western Digital, HP, Dell etc (Gillen Hall, 2013) Coiro et al., (2014), the researchers have often suggested that the children often inculcate the competitive skills while they playing games with their friends or relatives. Studies have suggested that the competitive skills from the video games help the children to cope up with competition in the practical situation. In several TV connection facilities the games are so interactive that they help the children to learn various language, gain mathematical skills and analytical reasoning at a very early stage which will help them to deal with various complex situation in the real world. The eBooks have changed the learning process in great way by ease of accessibility. The eBooks have also changed the market scenario and market players like Amazon Kindle which is used by a large population of the students in the United States. The digital technology is not only prominent in terms of reading digital text but also writing of the same. The digital pen is an input device which recognizes th e handwriting of the children and converts the analogue information into digital. The digital pen is used by several students for taking classroom notes and saving the same in electronic format. The technology used for digital pen is known as Optical character recognition (OCR) technology. Manufacturers such as Polyvision, N-trig, Wacom and live scribe have made the pen widely popular in the present. The various digital technologies used by social media such as Whatsapp and Google hangout. At times useful educational information is available on facebook and social media platforms like this can integrate information into a single page which can be accessed from mobiles devices. The various negative impacts of the digital technology have brought serious concern for health problems among the children. The surveys conducted in the recent times shows that due to increase in the use of digital devices such as ipad, laptops, Smartphone and notebooks the young generation is suffering from health issues such as weak eyesight and back pain. The digital technology has created a negative impact on the children to pursue physical sports and due to lack of physical activities many children are suffer from overweight and fitness issues. The digital technology is often seen as a developing platform for many poor and developing nations and they are unable to take full use of this technology. The technology in form of internet is often inaccessible in many parts of the world and needs additional attention for a global connectivity. The negative impact is also seen on the writing skills of the children, with the use of technologies like swipe texting, keyboards and even spee ch recognition software to input text has detrimental effect on the students as they dont have to write anything on paper directly. The aforementioned technologies also have a detrimental impact on the grammar. Research has shown that while texting, type or taking of classroom notes in form digital format most student dont care about punctuation and spelling. This leads to bad habit later in life. The gadgets used for e learning in many forms prove to be expensive for some section of the society and affordability. The survey conducted on the use of Smartphone shows that the children are often affected due to radio frequency emitted from the Smartphones is harmful especially on skin. It is even considered to having serious issues relating to cancer among the children. The use of various digital technologies have proved to cause social detachment and contributing time to relatives towards family. Many children often suffer from the problem of interacting in real life as they become so caught up with the use of mobile gadgets. Many researchers consider the major problem of the growth of digital technology is seen among children for getting involved in unethical practices, such as children using it as a source of adult content rather than using it for learning purposes. This type of problems is definite to create a negative impact on the character of the involved individual. (Flood et al., 2015). Conclusion The topic of discussion in the essay gives an extensive viewpoint of the several aspects of the digital technology on the children of present generation. Among the various types of positive and negative influence of digital technology it needs to noted that the use of digital technologies are at a developing stage among various countries and needs several improvement for proper implementation so that the benefits can be reaped in the long- run. The government authorities of these developing nations are taking several initiatives to inculcate the use of digital technology among the children by introduction of laptops in primary schools and educational centers for a global inclusion of the literacy service by digital platform. Reference List Ager, R. (2013). Art of Information of Communications Technology for Teachers. Routledge. Buckingham, D. (2013). Beyond technology: Children's learning in the age of digital culture. John Wiley Sons. 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